Physiatry Practice Management Resources

Abstract

A clean process has been developed for the synthesis of 2-adamantylphenol derivatives through adamantylation of substituted phenols with adamantanols catalyzed by commercially available and recyclable ion-exchange sulfonic acid resin in acetic acid. The sole byproduct of the adamantylation reaction, namely water, could be converted into the solvent acetic acid by addition of a slight excess of acetic anhydride during the work-up procedure, making the process waste-free except for regeneration of the ion-exchange resin, and facilitating the recycling of the resin catalyst. The ion-exchange sulfonic acid resin catalyst could be readily recycled by filtration and directly reused at least ten times without a significant loss of activity. The key intermediate of adapalene, 2-(1-adamantyl)-4-bromophenol, could be produced by means of this waste-free process.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 227–233. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.23

Abstract

Hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arenes, commonly called oxacalix[3]arenes, were first reported in 1962. Since then, their chemistry has been expanded to include numerous derivatives and complexes. This review describes the syntheses of the parent compounds, their derivatives, and their complexation behaviour towards cations. Extraction data are presented, as are crystal structures of the macrocycles and their complexes with guest species. Applications in fields as diverse as ion selective electrode modifiers, fluorescence sensors, fullerene separations and biomimetic chemistry are described.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 201–226. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.22

Abstract

A concise synthesis of 3-(1-alkenyl)isoindolin-1-ones and 5-(1-alkenyl)pyrrol-2-ones has been achieved by the coupling reactions of N-acyliminium ions produced from 3-hydroxyisoindol-1-ones or 5-hydroxy-1-pyrrol-2-ones with unactivated olefins in the presence of BF₃·OEt₂ at room temperature. For most of the olefins, the reactions afforded the C_sp3–C_sp2 cross-coupling products, but for the α-methylstyrene and 1-hexene, the C_sp3–C_sp3 cross-coupling products were obtained.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 192–200. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.21

Abstract

The hydroxylation of n-alkanes, which proceeds in the presence of a P450-monooxygenase advantageously at temperatures significantly below room temperature, is described. In addition, an enzymatic hydroxylation of the “liquid gas” n-butane with in situ cofactor regeneration, which does not require high-pressure conditions, was developed. The resulting 2-butanol was obtained as the only regioisomer, at a product concentration of 0.16 g/L.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 186–191. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.20

Abstract

A simple, efficient and highly diastereoselective one-pot three-component synthesis of functionalized 2,6-disubstituted-4-tosyloxytetrahydropyrans was performed. The synthesis features an optimized Prins cyclization in which an aromatic homoallylic alcohol, an aromatic/aliphatic aldehyde, and p-toluenesulfonic acid (catalyst and reagent) are reacted in the presence of molecular sieves (MS) 4 Å at reflux in dichloromethane to afford excellent yields (72–96%) within short reaction times (20–90 min). The MS 4 Å-promoted synthesis proved to be versatile enough to provide an array of symmetrical and unsymmetrical tetrahydropyran derivatives in economical manner. Furthermore, cleavage of the 4-tosyl group under mild conditions afforded 4-hydroxytetrahydropyran in excellent yields (95–96%).

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 177–185. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.19

Abstract

Five carbamate derivatives, obtucarbamates C and D (1, 2), dimethyl ((carbonylbis(azanediyl))bis(2-methyl-5,1-phenylene))dicarbamate (3), obtucarbamates A and B (4, 5), and four aromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoids, (+)-4β-N-methenetauryl-10β-methoxy-1β,5α,6β,7β-aromadendrane (6), (−)-4β-N-methenetauryl-10β-methoxy-1β,5β,6α,7α-aromadendrane (7), (−)-4α,10β-aromadendranediol (8), (+)-4β,10β-aromadendranediol (9) were obtained from the South China Sea gorgonian coral Melitodes squamata Nutting. Compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 were new, and their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 6 and 7 contained a taurine group that was rarely found in marine natural compounds, and 7 showed moderate antibacterial activity. The possible biosynthesis routes of 1–5 were conjectured.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 170–176. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.18

Abstract

A new, straightforward and high yielding procedure to convert oleanolic acid derivatives into the corresponding δ-hydroxy-γ-lactones, by using the convenient oxidizing agent magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate (MMPP) in refluxing acetonitrile, is reported. In addition, a two-step procedure for the preparation of oleanolic 12-oxo-28-carboxylic acid derivatives directly from Δ¹²-oleananes, without the need for an intermediary work-up, and keeping the same reaction solvent in both steps, is described as applied to the synthesis of 3,12-dioxoolean-28-oic acid.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 164–169. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.17

Abstract

The chirality transfer in liquid crystals induced by two helical perylenequinones (namely, the natural compounds cercosporin and phleichrome) was investigated by integrating measurements of helical twisting power with a conformational analysis by DFT calculations and with the prediction of their twisting ability by the surface-chirality method. The two quasi-enantiomeric derivatives induce oppositely handed cholesteric phases when introduced as dopants in nematic solvents. We evaluated the role of the different conformations of the chiral hydroxyalkyl side chains in determining the helical twisting power: They were found to affect the strength of the chirality transfer, although the handedness of the induced cholesteric phase is essentially determined by the axial chirality (helicity) of the core of the perylenequinones.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 155–163. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.16

Abstract

Bent-core mesogens have gained considerable importance due to their ability to form new mesophases with unusual properties. Relationships between the chemical structure of bent-core molecules and the type and physical properties of the formed mesophases are relatively unknown in detail and differ strongly from those known for calamitic liquid crystals. In this paper symmetric and nonsymmetric five-ring salicylideneaniline-based bent-core mesogens are presented, and the effect of lateral substituents attached at the outer phenyl rings (F, Cl, Br) or the central phenyl ring (CH₃) on the liquid-crystalline behaviour and on the physical properties is studied. Corresponding benzylideneaniline-based compounds were additionally prepared in order to study the influence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond. The occurring mesophases were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarising microscopy, X-ray diffraction and dielectric and electro-optical measurements. The paper reports on new findings with respect to the structure–property relationships of bent-core mesogens. On one hand, the disruptive effect of laterally substituted halogen atoms, F, Cl and Br, on the mesophase behaviour of three isomeric series was much lower than expected. On the other hand, an increase of the clearing temperature by 34 K was observed, caused by small lateral substituents. The electro-optical behaviour, especially the type of polar switching and corresponding molecular movements, is sensitive to variations in the molecular structure.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 129–154. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.15

Abstract

It has been shown that the base-initiated cyclo-oligomerisation of phthalonitriles is favoured by bulky α-substituents making it possible to obtain the metal-free phthalocyanine directly and in high yield. The phthalocyanine with eight α-isoheptyl substituents gives a high time-of-flight hole mobility of 0.14 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹ within the temperature range of the columnar hexagonal phase, that is 169–189 °C.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 120–128. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.14

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 118–119. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.13

Abstract

The conformational isomerism and stereoelectronic interactions present in 2'-haloflavonols were computationally analyzed. On the basis of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, the conformer stabilities of 2'-haloflavonols were found to be dictated mainly by a C=O···H–O intramolecular hydrogen bond, but an unusual C–F···H–O hydrogen-bond and intramolecular C–X···O nonbonding interactions are also present in such compounds.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 112–117. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.12

Abstract

Heating aldehydes that contain a protected hydroxymethyl group, a tethered alkyl chloride and a tethered alkenyl group at the α-position of the aldehyde with an amine sets up a cascade (tandem) reaction sequence involving condensation to an intermediate imine, then cyclization and formation of an intermediate azomethine ylide and then intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition. The fused tricyclic products are formed with complete or very high stereochemical control. The hydroxymethyl group was converted into an aldehyde – which could be removed to give the tricyclic amine products that are unsubstituted at the ring junction positions – or was converted into an alkene, which allowed the formation of the core ring system of the alkaloids scandine and meloscine.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 107–111. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.11

Abstract

A rapid and simple procedure was devised for the synthesis of multifunctionalized cyclic β-amino esters and γ-amino alcohols via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to β-aminocyclopentenecarboxylates. The opening of the isoxazoline reductive ring to the corresponding highly functionalized 2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylates occurred stereoselectively with good yields.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 100–106. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.10

Abstract

We used dynamic ¹H NMR spectroscopic methods to examine the kinetics and thermodynamics of CH₃CCl₃ (2) entering and leaving the gated molecular basket 1. We found that the encapsulation is first-order in basket 1 and guest 2, while the decomplexation is zeroth-order in the guest. Importantly, the interchange mechanism in which a molecule of CH₃CCl₃ directly displaces the entrapped CH₃CCl₃ was not observed. Furthermore, the examination of the additivity of free energies characterizing the encapsulation process led to us to deduce that the revolving motion of the gates and in/out trafficking of guests is synchronized, yet still a function of the affinity of the guest for occupying the basket: Specifically, the greater the affinity of the guest for occupying the basket, the less effective the gates are in “sweeping” the guest as the gates undergo their revolving motion.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2012,8, 90–99. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.9